Produced by Maritz Africa Intelligence specifically for the NTU-SBF Centre for African Studies, a trilateral platform for government, business and academia to promote knowledge and expertise on Africa, established by Nanyang Technological University and the Singapore Business Federation. The original document can be downloaded here.

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“A Moroccan startup that competes with Facebook and Google. Why not? An African technology company that will change the lives of millions. Why not? An African startup that will sign a global contract with Orange or Starbucks or Verizon or Clear Channel. Why not?”

This is how entrepreneur Ali Bensouda ended a passionate pitch to a group of prominent venture capital (VC) investors at the recent Africa CEO Forum, which took place in Abidjan, Ivory Coast. He is the co-founder of Omniup, which offers free wifi access in public places to users prepared to view a 10-second advertisement on their mobile phones.

The startup competition was moderated by Amrote Abdella, the regional director of Microsoft’s 4Afrika initiative, which works closely with startups on the continent. Bensouda competed against Senegal’s InTouch mobile money platform; Kenya’s Twiga Foods, which connects farmers and vendors for the sale of fresh produce; mobile technology company Africa’s Talking, also from Kenya; and Nigeria-based Thrive Agric, a crowdfunding platform for farmers. The winner (Twiga Foods) was announced at a gala function later that evening.

Preceding the pitch session, the group of investors discussed a variety of issues related to startup investing in Africa – from whether backing tech ventures can be profitable to whether there are opportunities beyond the bigger economies of Nigeria, South Africa and Kenya. Here are some of the major take-aways from the discussion.

Strong team and business model essential for success

Investing in startups is risky business, with the vast majority of ventures eventually failing. To lower the risk, Omobola Johnson, senior partner at TLcom Capital – a VC firm focused on technology-enabled services – looks for a competent founder and a solid business model. She said African startups typically employ relatively basic technology, such as SMS, which is why success depends on a strong team and business model, rather than the technology itself.

“We take very little risk on technology. It is more around the business model… and the vision of the entrepreneur, and how he is going to tackle that particular opportunity or challenge,” she explained.

Individual African markets often too small

The small size of most individual African economies means startups often have to expand geographically for growth.

“I spent six years in India… and one of the mind resets I had to do when I started investing in Africa, is just the market size. If you look at Ivory Coast, it is the size of Delhi,” commented Ameya Upadhyay, who focuses on financial inclusion investments for Omidyar Network, an impact investment firm started by eBay founder Pierre Omidyar.

But businesses operating in regulated industries, such as financial services, typically find it difficult to expand to other countries as regulations differ from one territory to another.

According to Upadhyay, Nigeria, with a population of over 190 million, is one of the few African countries where young companies can achieve sufficient domestic scale and give investors adequate returns to compensate for the 90% startup failure rate. “So that is one of the things we look [at] very carefully: The regional expansion model for a particular entrepreneur, and how well she is able to execute it.”

He added that regional economic blocs (such as the East African Community), together with common regional currencies (like the CFA franc used in French-speaking West and Central Africa), make it easier for startups to enter neighbouring countries.

TLcom Capital’s Johnson also emphasised the importance of scalability. “Any company that cannot scale to serve tens or hundreds of thousands of customers is not really what a VC will be looking at in this part of the world,” she noted.

High-potential sectors – mostly a mobile story

When it comes to the most lucrative industries to invest in, for Johnson it is all about offering services – including banking, commerce, energy, health and education – through mobile phones.

“The high penetration of mobile phones, [and] the low penetration of other services – that’s where the opportunity is for us.”

She also highlighted business-to-business services as a high-potential area, adding Nigeria alone has over 20 million SMEs that are underserved. For instance, TLcom Capital recently led a US$5m financing round in Terragon, a mobile marketing company which provides SMEs with customer reach and engagement solutions.

Although many of the recent VC investments in fintech focused on retail payments and unsecured consumer credit, Upadhyay said there are unexploited opportunities in “unsexy” areas such as merchant payment processing and wholesale lending. In addition, Omidyar is seeking investments in off-grid energy and education technology.

He added that the continent’s digital financial services industry needs to progress beyond giving people access to bank accounts and ways to pay, to “tougher-to-sell” insurance and investment products, which “households need to protect themselves against shocks and avoid old-age poverty”.

Olawale Ayeni, regional head for Africa investments at IFC Venture Capital, noted his organisation has deployed about $100m in direct and indirect investments into the continent’s early-stage tech startup ecosystem. Its portfolio includes Andela, which trains software developers in Africa and hires them out to global tech companies, and Mobisol, an off-grid solar energy provider.

A dearth of tech skills

The panellists noted a scarcity of tech talent on the continent. “I find companies which are based in Kenya, Nigeria and Ghana who are setting up tech offices in Lisbon (Portugal)… just because they spent six months trying to find a CTO, and they couldn’t,” said Upadhyay.

According to Microsoft 4Afrika’s Amrote Abdella, “For a startup to thrive, it’s essential to both have and hire the right talent. The current gap in modern ICT skills makes this a challenge, and startups often can’t afford to outsource their technical needs to experts.”

In recognition of this talent shortage, Microsoft has developed a programme to improve the digital skills, coding capabilities and employability of young graduates throughout the continent. It recently launched its 16th AppFactory – or Apprenticeship Factory for Developers – in the town of Nanyuki in central Kenya. Here apprentices spend up to six months working with senior software technicians, developing essential workplace skills and the ability to design and implement modern software solutions.

“In Africa, startups are very comfortable with mobile technology, which they have used to revolutionise industries like finance and agriculture. Where we’re investing in, is around more modern technologies like cloud, artificial intelligence, data analytics tools and virtualisation,” added Abdella.

Funding gaps remain

The past decade has seen rising activity in the continent’s startup investing space. A study by Partech Venture Capital shows that VC funding raised by African tech companies in 2017 totalled $560m, compared to $366.8m in 2016.

But Upadhyay noted there still isn’t enough local seed funding – cheque sizes of between $50,000 and $300,000 – for entrepreneurs to hire their first staff and prove their idea. Investments of this size are typically not feasible for international institutional players, as they need to be accompanied with mentorship, for which investors on the ground are more suitable.

However, Johnson disagreed with Upadhyay, saying there is more seed money available than there is growth capital. “When companies get to a stage where they need anything from $2m to $5m, they spend upwards of 12 months looking for that capital… Some good companies will either die or they will not scale because they just have to keep bootstrapping, they are just running on their profits.”

The panel participants also highlighted the fact that much of the capital for VC investments in Africa still come from foreign funders.

In June 2017, TLcom Capital announced the first close of its TIDE Africa Fund, with commitments of $40m. According to Johnson, a quarter of the fund’s capital came from local backers – including the African Development Bank and Nigeria’s FBNQuest Capital  – with international investors, such as French development finance institution Proparco, accounting for the balance.

“Unfortunately that is what it’s going to be like for quite a while,” said Johnson, adding that many investors on the continent remain uncomfortable investing in technology.

“A lot of the money is going to come from outside the continent because they are more used to that VC risk that we are still trying to get used to in this part of the world.”

Conclusion

Internet usage in Africa is growing rapidly, and, according to McKinsey & Company, could add $300bn a year to the continent’s GDP by 2025 – while transforming key sectors like agriculture, retail and health.

“Every 10 years there seems [to be] a new trend in Africa. The last 10 years was the story about a rising middle class. The next 10 years, we believe, is going to be about the digital economy,” commented Ayeni of the IFC.

However, there seems to be plenty of room for those investors seeking a piece of the action. Ayeni added: “If you look at the amount of VC coming into Africa – per capita, it is the lowest of any continent, despite the fact that there is going to be about 500 million people with smartphones [and] despite the fact that more smartphones will be shipped into Africa than into Europe.”